Child Development A Continuous Process Essay - 973 Words

Assignment 9 Introduction Child development is a continuous process where the physical, emotional and mental aspects of advance to complex form enhancing its brain, behavioral and body abilities (Montessori Center International, 2013, p. 4). Specifically, aspects of a child’s development are; physical that involves development of skills; intellectual deals with memory and ability to solve problems. Language development involves enhancing ability to communicate with others; emotional development is the expression of feelings, self image and identity while social development involves building relationships with others. Therefore, effective observation of a child’s development should be holistic with ability to integrate all developmental aspects because they are related. Observation The first and second observation was carried on 29th December, 2014 at 8 a.m for a period of an hour. The child’s name is Abigail aged 4; she attends a morning session in a kindergarten school in a class with a roll of 10 pupils. A part from the pupils; the teacher and I are present as adults; my observation was permitted by the school management after a formal request. The school is in a suburban setting of Kenya’s capital city- Nairobi. Her teacher informed me that the child has one sibling sister aged 2 years; she has been in school for a year. During the observations, her three close friends play with her at the center of the class and in the playground one of them is a boy aged 5. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Discontinuous View Of Development Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe discontinuous view of development is that child development is in certain stages. The children have different ways of â€Å"thinking, feeling, and behaving,†(Berk) than adults. Our book de scribes it as â€Å"a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.†(Berk pg. 6) I interpret the specific times as stages. Piaget believed in the discontinuous view of development. He developed the four stages of cognitive development. Those stages are sensorimotor, pre-operationalRead MoreCognitive Theory Vs Vygotsky774 Words   |  4 Pages(Discontinuous Theory) vs. Vygotsky (Continuous Theory) Hildie B. Ericksen Piaget (Discontinuous Theory) vs. Vygotsky (Continuous Theory)   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Discontinuous Classic Stage Theory Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory describes four stages of human development which he described as naturally emerging reasoning and development. The first two stages can be described as sensori-motor development. In all stages of development, the child learns to adapt, assimilate, and accommodateRead MoreReflection Paper On Lifespan Development931 Words   |  4 PagesThe lifespan development is an overview of our daily lives from beginning to end. It is essential to the development stages that mankind go through. Birth, infancy, toddler hood, child, adolsence, old age and death. It is the study of how people develop and change. it encounters all types of people’s thoughts and feelings, behaviors, and moods, socially, emotionally, and physically. In this course we will be able to gain the knowledge to understand how all these stages of development pertain to ourRead More The Nature of Child Development Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesHuman development has been a subject of interest since ancient Greece and Rome. Different approaches derive from two basic directions: the nativists` and empiricists` ones. The latter method is to regard human development as a gradual change which has been influenced by the individual`s experience .On the other hand, the former approach has found its roots in the biological structure of the human organism which considers our development as a series of stages. However, referring to human developmentRead MoreWestern Civ Continuous or Discontinuous1411 Words   |  6 PagesIs Human Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Human Development is lifelong, continuous and discontinuous and goes in so many different directions throughout a lifespan. It is plastic, multidisciplinary and is embedded in a changing socio-historical context. I truly believe I live in a continuous development pattern, as I believe the rest of us hope our children to follow in our footsteps of continuity. Sigmund Freud addresses continuous versus discontinuous in the understanding of mentalRead MoreThe Importance Of An Alliance With Children1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe child and therapist is as critical to constructive outcomes as it is with adults. However, inaugurating an alliance with children is often challenging due high number of involuntary clients brought to therapy by adults whom they are reliant on. Children are expected to trust another adult; they are told this adult is a benevolent authority figure different than other adults in their life. Unlike adult research, child process research has yet to blend a fundamental definition of a child centeredRead MoreIs Development A Continuous Process?1138 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Development is a continuous process, that is to say, that a time evolutionary precedes the other and this in turn sits on the happened before. Therefore, it is so important to educate on the principle of totality, because the development of the child is global. The movements of the newborn child in the cradle are global, impulsive and undifferentiated, in a short time gain control and coordination along the stage of lactation (Calkins, 2015). The first year of life is crucial, in thatRead MoreThe Theory Of Language Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesP1 Language development Biological approach- Noam Chomsky believes that the ability to develop any sort of communication and language is genetically programmed into us. Because children develop language very fast it is likely that the ability to use language is genetically programmed within us like standing and walking is. We need experience from people around us to use language but we do not need to be trained to speak. Behaviourist approach- B.F. Skinner believes that language is developed throughRead More1.2 Identifies Different Observation Methods and Know Why They Are Used1020 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent observation methods and know why they are used It is important that when Observing and recording you of selecting the appropriate method to suit desired aim of the observation it. We do observations to help look at the different areas of development i.e. physical, intellectual, emotional, and social. Each method has its limitations and there is no one method which can provide you with all the info you need. You can find out if you are meeting needs of the through play and learning opportunitiesRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to the early 20th century little interest was paid to how a child developed; indeed most early research appears to be based on abnormal childhood behaviour (Oates et

The Confessions, Book Xi Time And Eternity - 2932 Words

THY 600 Research Paper Joe Stocker Augustine s Confessions, Book XI: Time and Eternity Augustine s Confessions is a series of complex books that he compiled to elucidate his relationship with an all-powerful, all-knowing and all-loving God who is also the Creator of all things. Confessions recapitulates that those who have commenced their return to God must acknowledge their state before God so that He might set them free. It should be mentioned that Chan and Outler each point out that the word confessions has a two fold meaning.1 It refers to knowledge of the truth about the self – in Augustine s situation, his confessing his sins. The word confiteri also means to declare to God the truth one knows about God. Here the meaning is give honor, praise and glory to God. To confess is a practice in self-discernment and true humility in an environment of grace and atonement. The first ten books in the series of thirteen relate to an examination of Augustine himself. Tellingly, in Book IX, he raises the question, â€Å"Who am I?†2 Starting with Book XI and through Book XIII, he raises a kindred question, â€Å"What is time?† (reprised as â€Å"What then is time?† 3 Augustine s desire was to achieve God s â€Å"rest† so that he might be capable to fully consider the God he had come to know vaguely through his momentary experiences. He craved a stability between his soul and God which was constantly disrupted by his temporal experiences. In Confessions Books XI – XIII, Augustine ceasedShow MoreRelatedWhat Challenges Face Descriptions Of God1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhat challenges face descriptions of God, according to Augustine in Confessions and De Trinitate? Augustine of Hippo is writing at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. The two primary texts which we will consider in this essay are both classic expositions of Augustinian theology and philosophy, however the style of writing found in each is rather different. Confessions addresses God directly in the second person, while De Trinitate appeals more to the reader. These are both written by the bishopRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity9485 Words   |  38 PagesUnion (412-396-6657) to discuss your particular need and make arrangements. Week 1:A THREEFOLD PATTERN â€Å"Trinity† Entry in A New Handbook of Christian Theology 1992 â€Å"Biblical Pressure and Trinitarian Hermeneutics† C. Kavin Rowe Pro Ecclesia Vol. XI, No. 3 â€Å"Theological Unitarianisms† H. Richard Niebuhr Christian Century 499-501 (3 pp.) 295-312 (17 pp.) 150-157 (7 pp.) Week 1:B THE BINITARIAN EARLY CHURCH â€Å"The Binitarian Shape of Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism†Read MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages................................... Proper Method of Remitting Funds to the Conference/ Mission/Field ...................................................................... Preservation of Financial Documents ..................................... Books Should Be Audited ......................................................... Relations With Members Confidential ..................................... Interest Coordinator ....................................................................... A Church

Physics Essay Thesis Example For Students

Physics Essay Thesis The purpose of this lab is to show how to calculate the average speed and acceleration in six different races. In order to find average speed you will need to use the formula s=d/t (s= speed, d=distance, t=time). On the other hand, for acceleration you will use the formula a= if-vi/t (a-?acceleration, if=final velocity, initial velocity, t=time). Average speed is how fast something is moving; the path distanced moved per time. Acceleration is the rate of which velocity is changing, the change may be in magnitude, direction, or both. Materials Procedures: The materials you will need for this experiment are: -3 people -stopwatch -paper pen -2 cones -field Once youve collected all the materials you will proceed to the following steps: Choose 3 people you will like to work with in a team. 2. Assign each person to either record the time, write down results, or to do the 6 different type of races 3. Go outside to a field and put the 2 cones at a distance of 10 meters from each other 4. The person who will do the races will be on one side of the cone and the other 2 people will be on the other side of the cone 5. Some errors founded was that the person with the one was that the racer did the activity at an earlier time. These errors can change the average speed and acceleration. If something is done wrong, start the trial over in order to get the correct results. Literature Citation: Paul Hewitt. Conceptual Physics . Undefined. Undefined. . Undefined. ;undefined;.. The Physics 500. Chapter 2: Linear Motion. Undefined. . Undefined. ;undefined;. Questions: 1 . Q: How does average speed relate to the distance covered and the time taken for ravel? A: The greater the average speed is then the faster you run. 2. Q: Should recorded average speed represent the maximum for each event? Explain. A: No, the average speed gives you the number of average not the biggest/highest number 3. Q: Which event had the greatest average speed in the class in miles per hour (1. 00 m/s=2. 24 miles/her)? A: According to the data table it was running. 4. Q: Does your measurement technique for speed enable you to measure the fastest speed attained during an event? The average speed. A: No, it gives you

The voting rights in U.S.

The voting rights in U.S. have been a contentious issue for long. Eligibility to vote in U.S. is determined by both the state law, as well as the federal government. The United States Constitution, Article 8 and Clause 1 give the Congress the power to impose taxes, imposts, excises as well as duties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The voting rights in U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the United States of America Constitution limits Congress powers to impose direct taxes by requiring it to distribute direct taxes in accordance to each state’s population census. While preparing the constitution, use of the ‘Necessary’ as well as ‘Proper’ clauses was supposed to act as guidelines for legislation of taxation. The powers for legislation of the taxation process were given to the legislative branch. However, what looked to be a clear process of limiting the legislature pow ers pertaining to tax ended up being imprecise as well as unclear when applied on income tax. Despite the powers granted to the federal government to impose taxes, federal should not abuse these powers in imposing inappropriate taxations. Denying people the rights to vote for failure to pay taxes is a form of Congress abuse of the powers that can be overturned. The United States Constitution allows the federal government to impose income tax only if the federal allocate tax among the States in respect to each States census population. During the enacting of Election are Free Act in 2010, the federal government did not put into consideration the tax allocation as per States census population. Therefore, Election are Free Act that was enacted which requires single people who earn over $ 75,000 per annum as well as married people who earn more than $150,000 to provide a copy of their tax return to their local county officials before being allowed to register to vote is subject for deba te. The second factor that can result to the overturned of Election are Free Act enacted in 2010 is its discriminatory aspect that limits only a few category of Americans from exercise their voting rights based on their failure to pay 15% of their total income as taxes. Despite the federal enacting of the Election are Free Act, the rights to vote are explicitly stated as per the 1964 amendments and denying American citizens opportunity to register on the basis for failing to pay taxes is not a sufficient foundation to justify such a discrimination. Thus, those who have been affected by the act can challenge for the reverse of the act in order to give all Americans an equal opportunity to express their voting rights (Brownlee, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Codes of ethics are essential in guiding behaviors of various professionals in their day-to-day endeavors. The presence o f a universal code of ethic is imperative in order to make sure that all executives are guided by a universal code of ethic. All executives should be subjected to a uniform code of ethics that require them to execute their duties with transparency and honesty. Those executives that should be found guilty of not honoring the code of ethic should be liable and banned from holding any executive positions in future. According to the universal code of ethic, unethical conducts should entail false disclosure, availing corporate inside information to one’s friends or relatives for selfish reasons as well as being engaged into fraudulent instances. The problem that can hinder implementation of an international code of ethic is because different companies use different standards for internal controls. Internal controls vary from country to country. Moreover, public companies and private corporations differ in the extent of their disclosures. Therefore, it is very difficult to come up with a universal code of ethic that is applicable in all organizations worldwide. Leaders should first identify boundaries when designing a code of ethic. Leaders should identify values that the code should uphold and at the same time establish the boundary it should not exceed. For example, an international code of ethic should include proper disclosure as well as honesty. The code should not endorse any fraudulent activities. When leaders are formulating codes of ethic, it is imperative to engage the employees for great acceptance (Jennings, 2010). Reference List Brownlee, E. (2004). Federal Taxation in America: A Short History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jennings, M. (2010). Business: Its Legal, Ethical and Global Environment. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. This essay on The voting rights in U.S. was written and submitted by user Cailyn Cruz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sidi Ali Reis essays

Sidi Ali Reis essays Kanuni Sultan Sleyman had reigned for forty-six years (1520-1566) and this was the most successful period of the Ottoman Empire. It reached a pitch of grandeur and prosperity which was never afterwards surpassed, and from which it soon began to decline. (www.osmanli700.gen.tr) However Padishahs magnificence was not the only reason that makes this period so important and influential. There were lots of influential men such as Sokullu Mehmet Pasha in administration and in naval forces: Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha, Turgut Reis, Piri Reis and Seydi Ali Reis. This essay is about the Turkish Admiral Seydi Ali Reis who is famous whit his adventurous Indian Voyage and his book called Mirat ul Memalik (the Mirror of Countries) that is about his adventures and the places he had seen. Seydi Ali Reis was born in Sinop at the beginning of the 16th century. He moved to Galata after the conquest of Istanbul. He had a sailor family and like his grandfather he worked at the dockyards. My father and grandfather, since the conquest of Istanbul, had had charge of the arsenal at Galata; they had both been eminent in their profession, and their skill had come down to me as an heirloom. (Mirat ul Memalik, 212) Besides, he was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer and a poet (known as Katibi). In the meantime, Western Europe underwent an unprecedented overseas expansion, which changed the patterns of economic growth and society. This period is known as the Age of Discovery and the European states started to exploit the places which they had conquest. Thus, colonism started. The Age of Discovery influenced the Ottoman Empire in many ways. Portuguese Vasco de Gama had sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa) and reached to India. After a while Portuguese fleet took this region under their control so Baharat Yolu, which was extremely significant for the Ott...

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today Fame, as they say, is fickle. It may take years to reap it and, when you do, you may not have the time to enjoy the fruits of your labor. This was the case for Confucius, an ancient Chinese philosopher whose ideas still resonate today. Who Was Confucius? Kong Qiu, or Master Kong as he was known, did not live to see his days of glory. During his lifetime, his views were received with scorn. But that was about 2,500 years ago. Following his death, a handful of his dedicated followers passed on Confucius teachings to future generations in the book, The Analects of Confucius. Confucius philosophies remained in the archives of ancient Chinese history. As his teachings spread far and wide, his philosophies gained ground. It took many years after Confucius death for his philosophies to be appreciated and revered, but today, Confucianism is an ethical school of thought adopted by many thinkers around the world. Confuciuss Political Life Though Confucius served the Duke of Lu, a Chinese state, he made many enemies with the nobles of the land. His views antagonized the powerful nobles, who wanted the Duke to be a puppet in their hands. Confucius was exiled from the State of Lu for more than two decades, so he lived in the countryside, spreading his teachings. Confuciuss Ideologies and Philosophy Confucius gave great importance to education. He devoted his time to gain new insights and learned from renowned scholars of his time. He started his own school at the age of 22. At that time, China was undergoing a state of ideological turmoil; all around there was injustice, war, and evil. Confucius established a moral code of conduct based on human principles of mutual respect, good conduct, and familial ties. Confucianism along with Taoism and Buddhism became the three religious pillars of China. Today, Confucius is revered not just as a moral teacher, but a divine soul who saved the world from moral degradation. Confucianism in the Modern World There is a growing interest in Confucianism in China and other parts of the world. More and more followers of Confucianism are advocating a deeper study of his philosophies. Confucius ideals stand true even today. His philosophy on how to be a Junzi or the perfect gentleman is based on the simple ideology of love and tolerance. 47 Sayings From Confucius Here is one of Confuciuss sayings: It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop. In a few words, Confucius teaches us about patience, perseverance, discipline, and hard work. But if you probe further, you will see more layers. Confuciuss philosophies, which are similar to humanist thought, have significantly influenced spiritual and social thought. His views bear insight and depth of wisdom, you can apply his teachings in every sphere of life.   Confucian proverbs  have the power to transform lives, but they are not for casual reading. When you read them once, you feel the power of his words; read twice, and you will appreciate his deep thought; read them over and over again, and you will be enlightened. Let these Confucian quotes guide you in life. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.They must often change who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.What the superior man seeks is in himself; what the small man seeks is in others.In a country well governed, poverty is something to be ashamed of. In a country badly governed, wealth is something to be ashamed of.It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.When anger rises, think of the consequences.When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, dont adjust the goals; adjust the action steps.Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a lack of courage.To be able under all circumstances to practice five things constitutes perfect virtue; these five things are gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness.To see what is right, and not to do it, is want of courage or of principle.Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue.Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves. Success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation, there is sure to be failure.Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire.Mens natures are alike, it is their habits that carry them far apart.Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.Real knowledge is to know the extent of ones ignorance.Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.Respect yourself and others will respect you.Silence is a true friend who never betrays.The superior man, when resting in safety, does not forget that danger may come. When in a state of security he does not forget the possibility of ruin. When all is orderly, he does not forget that disorder may come. Thus his person is not endangered, and his States and all their clans are preserved.The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge to reach your full potential... these are the keys that will unlock the door to person al excellence. Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without.Study the past if you would define the future.Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.Wisdom, compassion, and courage are the three universally recognized moral qualities of men.Forget injuries, never forget kindnesses.Have no friends not equal to yourself.He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.He who learns but does not think is lost! He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good.Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.A superior man is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions.Be not ashamed of mistakes and thus make them crimes.The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large.The superior man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what will sell. By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.He who will not economize will have to agonize.When we see men of a contrary character, we should turn inwards and examine ourselves.He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful may be called intelligent indeed.If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself.Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.If you look into your own heart, and you find nothing wrong there, what is there to worry about? What is there to fear?Ignorance is the night of the mind, but a night without moon and star.It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get. Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts?

Rotterdam Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Rotterdam Rules - Essay Example After coming into effect these changes are bound to reflect on different stakeholders in the maritime business. With an increase in business activities, all around the globe, the sea route has become very busy and active, thus generating more demand for regulations and expertise in Maritime law. Container and shipping industry is capital intensive business and requires huge amount of investment to start the business. Safety and environmental concerns obviously result in high levels of regulations for the industry. It took well over seven years for the U.N. Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and its Working Group III on Transport Law, to deliberate on the nuances of the new legislation for the shipping industry. Subsequently the Comit Maritime International (CMI) took another four years of preparatory work to pave the way for the United Nations to adopt the 'Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea' in December 2008 meeting (Sturley, 2009). The Rotterdam convention is bound to have an impact on different stakeholders in the maritime business in varying measures, depending upon a number of factors. The Cargo owners are certainly an important part in this business. With projections of the global marine industry to be worth $924.5 billion by the year 2013, registering an increase of 23.4 percent since 2008, the Rotterdam rules are bound to play a crucial role in the marine industry (Datamonitor, 2009). Futuristic projections say that the global marine industry is bound to witness a volume of about 21.7 in the year 2013, which makes the role of cargo owners all the more crucial. In fact Rotterdam rules are seen the first serious attempt to replace the age old maritime rules with a new set of modernistic guidelines to make the maritime business more attractive and less speculative. With trade volumes increasing as we move along in the 21st century, the global marine trade has been growing at a rapid pace. Research reports indicate that the rate of growth between 2004 and 2006 had been quite attractive, but subsequent years saw decline owing to the prevalence of all round recessionary trends. Though the recession is far from over yet, but the industry is witnessing higher volume of trade in the recent months. Rotterdam has got the honours of hosting the UN Convention because of its being one of largest ports around the world. In fact, the traditional competition for the best and largest has been between Rotterdam and Singapore. But, the phenomenal rise of China in global trade has made Shanghai as a tough competitor for being the number one port in terms of cargo handling. More movement of goods and services due to the trend amongst the MNCs to manufacture products in countries like China and then transport it back to the western world or Europe, implies greater opportunity for the shipping industry. As per the United Nation estimates, the shipping industry was able to move 8 billion tons of cargo in 2007. This amounts to about 80 percent of the volume of world trade. Oil comprised of the main cargo shipment followed closely by iron ore and coal (UN, 2009). The cargo owners have therefore a big role in carrying forward the globalisation and liberalisation regime. Rotterdam rules have brou ght about a series of changes in the existing framework while making provisions for emerging situations in the increased transportation of the goods around the world.

The irrepressible conflict chapter 7 in the imperiled union, by Essay

The irrepressible conflict chapter 7 in the imperiled union, by kenneth stampp(pages 191 to 245) - Essay Example In the social science, historical theories and concepts are criticized by current scholars in search of new knowledge. If new evidence is discovered, scholars critically analyze it in consideration to the past evidence provided. The reason for revisionism is history relies on past distant events, and very little evidence is used in postulating of theories, therefore, when more evidence is found, it call for revision of the earlier theories or critic their explanation to the past event. This essay focuses on the civil war and the views of the revisionist via a Vis Stampp disapproval of them. How and why do revisionists argue that the civil war was a needless or repressible war? The proponent of revisionism argued that the case for a civil was a moral judgment of whether slavery was right or wrong. In addition, the agitators for antislavery had questionable attitudes towards the issues of slavery as political issues. As Steven Douglas argued, slavery was an issue of the southern people , and it did not affect people in the north. Therefore, the issues of slavery were better left to the white in the south to deal with and not engage in an unnecessary war. Moreover, revisionist says that the moral indifference of slavery was not a big issue to fight over it. Men and women are created sane and would solve their differences in a sane manner and avoid unnecessary bloodshed. According to Ulrich Philips, the black people had no problem being slaves because, in their nature, they were submissive, amiable, and light-hearted, imitative, ingratiating, and they were not progressive by the fact that they were Negroes. Philips also argues that the case for the plantation system among the slave was nothing ethical but nostalgia. Therefore, slavery was not a cause for the alarm, to instigate civil war because it had nothing to excite (Stampp 191-245). Another revisionist, Frank L, Owsley says that slavery was a moral issue and was not economic determinism of civilization in the s outh. He says that the issue of slavery has been dragged in the wrong case of the causes of a civil war. Furthermore, Randall believed that the black slave in the south had adapted to bondage without much resistance, and performing their tasks cheerfully. Randall also argues that, the southern slaves were abused, and this amounted to mistreatment, but it was a lenient way of treating slave by their slave owners. Randall says that, in reality the slave’s owners were more enslaved than the black by the set out institutions (Stampp 191-245). Craven brought his assertion that the different between the West and East were much greater than that of the North and South. Craven argues that abolition of slavery hindered the understanding of the effect of slavery to the modern employee –employer relationship. According to Craven, the life American worker today is much like that of the slave. Craven note that, even during the debate of the relevancy of slavery in the south, the pa tient blacks continued with their tasks unconsciously never minding the merits of the system he was working. David Potter in his analysis of revisionism says that, the facts that slave were left to live and even to grow and expand in a new world, was better off than engaging in a war. David concedes that emancipation of four million slaves was of great value, but he says it came at a greater cost. According to David, for every

Two Weeks Notice Essay Example for Free

Two Weeks Notice Essay Two weeks notice Bullock plays Lucy Kelson, a committed left-wing attorney with an immaculate Ivy League background who fights the good fight against the heartless developers of lower Manhattan and the outer boroughs. Complications ensue when she finds herself working for one such figure, George Wade (Grant) in exchange for his preserving a Coney Island landmark near her childhood home. Wades not a bad guy, but hes frightfully dependent on Lucy for everything. When it seems possible she might at last get clear of him, she begins to have second thoughts about letting him go. The Movie Two Weeks Notice stares Saundra Bullock and Hugh Grant premiered in December of 2002. The movie follows a mix match relationship between a strong willed, save the community lawyer named Lucy Kelson, played by Sandra Bullock, and a high status business man, George Wade, played by Hugh Grant. The two in the beginning seem completely different but when Lucy goes to work for George, to keep him from knocking down the neighborhood community center, she realizes how needy he was, and how much she couldnt stand it. When Lucy gives George two weeks notice, George realizes that she is an asset to his company. After much arguing she finally gets out and then they both realize that theyve fallen in love with each other. Since they were too stubborn to admit it, it took a huge argument in the employee lounge to get them to let their guards down. Writer and first time Director, Marc Lawrences Two Weeks Notice is a charming, smart, and genuinely funny romantic comedy with terrific performances by Sandra Bullock and Hugh Grant. This a great movie. Inherent in romantic comedies is a degree of predictibility. Two Weeks Notice follows formula, but Lawrence orchestrates enough curves, character insight, and human resonance to make it more than just formula. He also has the great chemistry of Bullock and Grant this is their medium. Sandra Bullock plays Lucy Kelson, a Harvard educated activist lawyer, who is hired by George Wade (Hugh Grant)a handsome, charming, and seemingly shallow multi-millionaire develo per. George hires Lucy as chief legal counsel for Wade Corp. , for $250 K, because his brother Howard (David Haig), the true captain of Wade Corp. requested George hire an attorney who did not attend Bimbo U. Lucy swallows her idealism and poverty, because George also promises to protect her parents community center. Lucy is smart and not intentionally funny, and soon becomes Georges right and left arm he cant to anything without her consult. This only amplifies that Lucy has no life or rather any relationships of merit other than with George. Lucy gives George her Two Weeks Notice. Credit Lawrence and company, when George finally accepts Lucys resignation, it is crystal regarding the unspoken relationship of the two. Wink. Wink. Two Weeks never insults our intelligence, however, it makes us await for an hour and a half. Along with wit and humor Lawrence, Bullock, and Grant provide a a very human touch that resonates throughout the movie. In a very well done scene on the rooftop of Lucys parents New York apartment, Lucy shares with George that she never lived upto her mothers expectations. George says that is different from people having no expectations. This is where movie transforms beyond the opposites attract story. It makes sense of Lucys need to be perfect, and the man that George could be that he is well aware of. In its own light hearted way, Two Weeks looks at where you sell out, where do you become a whore (but in a nice way), and where do you take a stand. And taking a stand is never easy even in a romantic comedy, though it sometimes takes longer. Sandra Bullock and Hugh Grant are magic together. They are both smart and their characters are also. Grant as George is charming, witty, and playing someone who has honor and substance that are dimissed by all except Lucy (Bullock). Grant is masterful at hinting at a depth of character. Sandra Bullock is beautiful, smart, and funny as Lucy. She also stretches herself when Lucy drunkenly braggs about her sexual prowess bobcat pretsel thing. Bullock lends compassion and a whacky sensibilty to Lucy who scares men off by being too smart and too perfect, but still not good enough for her mother. Her Lucy only gets a clue when she hires her replacement (a good Alicia Witt) she is in love with George. The exchanges between Grant and Bullock are so natural like conversation, spoken and unspoken. At one point in the movie, Lucy has a breakfast conversation with her Dad (a goofy and wise Robert Klein). She asks him What if people dont change? The point is they will or they dont. Kind of like loving someone is accepting them for who they are and for who they are not. Be open to surprises. Marc Lawrences Two Weeks Notice is an excellent surprise. He along with Bullock and Grant have made a classic romantic comedy and more. Hugh Grant plays George Wade, a property developer who hires Lucy Kelson (Sandra Bullock) as his Chief Counsel. Sick of calls in the middle of the night and appalled at being called away from a wedding just to help her boss decide what to wear for a particular occasion, Lucy gives George two weeks notice. ‘Two Weeks Notice is little more than a predictable romantic comedy and it is only a matter of time before George and Lucy realise that they have fallen for each other. How the film turns out is obvious, but this will not spoil your enjoyment of it. Sandra Bullock fails to convince as a successful lawyer and businesswoman but she is able to convey a vulnerability which makes the audience warm to her. Like her character in ‘While You Were Sleeping, Lucy is a lonely individual. When she is at home she comfort eats Chinese food, always ordering just for one. There are also no surprises with Hugh Grants character as he is much the same as any of his other romantic roles i. e. very likeable and charming. The film succeeds purely because of the actors likeability and the on-screen chemistry between Hugh Grant and Sandra Bullock who are both gifted comedic actors. There are also enough good lines and funny situations to keep you chuckling throughout

Life of Blondie :: essays research papers

Blondie was the most commercially successful band to emerge from the much-vaunted punk/new wave movement of the late '70s. The group was formed in New York City in August 1974 by singer Deborah Harry (b. July 1, 1945, Miami), formerly of Wind in the Willows, and guitarist Chris Stein (b. January 5, 1950, Brooklyn) out of the remnants of Harry's previous group, the Stilettos. The lineup fluctuated over the next year. Drummer Clement Burke (b. November 24, 1955, New York) joined in May 1975. Bassist Gary Valentine joined in August. In October, keyboard player James Destri (b. April 13, 1954) joined, to complete the initial permanent lineup. They released their first album, Blondie, on Private Stock Records in December 1976. In July 1977, Valentine was replaced by Frank Infante. In August, Chrysalis Records bought their contract from Private Stock and in October reissued Blondie and released the second album, Plastic Letters. Blondie expanded to a sextet in November with the addition of bassist Nigel Harrison (born in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, England), as Infante switched to guitar. Blondie broke commercially in the U.K. in March 1978, when their cover of Randy and the Rainbows' 1963 hit "Denise," renamed "Denis," became a Top Ten hit, as did Plastic Letters, followed by a second U.K. Top Ten, "(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear." Blondie turned to U.K. producer/songwriter Mike Chapman for their third album, Parallel Lines, which was released in September 1978 and eventually broke them worldwide. "Picture This" became a U.K. Top 40 hit, and "Hanging on the Telephone" made the U.K. Top Ten, but it was the album's third single, the disco-influenced "Heart of Glass," that took Blon die to number one in both the U.K. and the U.S. "Sunday Girl" hit number one in the U.K. in May, and "One Way or Another" hit the U.S. Top 40 in August. Blondie followed with their fourth album, Eat to the Beat, in October. Its first single, "Dreaming," went Top Ten in the U.K., Top 40 in the U.S. The second U.K. single, "Union City Blue," went Top 40. In March 1980, the third U.K. single from Eat to the Beat, "Atomic," became the group's third British number one. (It later made the U.S. Top 40.) Meanwhile, Harry was collaborating with German disco producer Giorgio Moroder on "Call Me," the theme from the movie American Gigolo. It became Blondie's second transatlantic chart-topper.

Safe sky

Flying Many people care about there safety when is comes to traveling. Do people understand how safe they really are? Airplane pilots have the responsibility and the skill to protect a great sum of people. Those who have ever flew on an airplane before have left there lives in the hands of the pilot. You don't always have a smooth flight and walk out complaining but at least there are no disturbances in the cabin. Pilots must be armed in the cockpit to ensure the safety of the passengers on a commercial flight. The history of airplanes has been around for centuries.It dates all the way back to the 1900's with two brothers named Orville and Wilbur Wright. The Wright brothers worked in a bicycle shop when they got inspired to fly. They began building gliders and improving it flight by flight until it was flyable. The Wright Brothers became the first people to successfully fly a plane with a person in it. In December of 1903, the Wright brothers created the first powered plane that coul d fly for more than an hour (History). Airplanes have come a long way since that point; however, airplanes are still not totally safe or risk. On September 11, 2001 tragedy hit for airplanes.Hijackers hijacked multiple planes, to hit multiple targets. This could have been avoided if pilots were approved to carry firearms on airplanes. Many people insist that it wouldn't have made a difference, and could have made the situation worse if the pilots were armed and hijackers got a hold of them. Pilots can know be armed in the cockpit on aircrafts after certain requirements are met since the tragedy that occurred on September 1 1 . The pilots were trained at a flight school in Arizona. â€Å"President Obama is quietly ending the federal firearms program, risking public safety on airlines in the name of an anti-gun ideology.The paper notes that $2 million has been diverted from training for the program, and that approval of new pilots has â€Å"stalled out. † President Obama is qu ietly ending the federal firearms program, risking public safety on airlines in the name of an anti-gun ideology (Valone). Since Obama's election, pilots have told us that the approval process for letting pilots carry guns on planes slowed significantly. He is supposed to be helping the problem but making it worse. President Obama is cutting the prices in the wrong places putting peoples live at stake for a budget cut. People safety is more important.Why not cut from the TSA, who has never stopped a terrorist attack even with all the new technology they have. Many reasons exist as to why airline pilots should be armed in the cockpit, but the strongest and most sensible reason is now much responsibility is on the pilot. common stereotype is that pilots Just take off the plane, put it in autopilot, then kick back and take a nap or watch a movie. Pilots aren't always aware of what is going on in the cabin. If there were a disturbance in the cabin and people tried to break into the cock pit pilots would be able to defend them selves and other passengers if rmed.The guns they would carry would be equipped with frangible bullets made of highly compressed, powdered alloys rather than solid lead or other metals such as those used in standard bullets. (Stark) The difference with these bullets are they wont ruin the fuselage of the airplane (body of plane). The bullets are destructive to human flesh and would tear the target up. Pilots with these bullets can protect passengers and help avoid from any terrorist attacks on planes. Pilots will also have to go through a rigorous training course in which will deputize them as Federal Flight Deck Officers.The Federal Flight Deck Officers (FFDO) program was created after the September 1 1, 2001, terrorist attacks and has since trained 12,000 pilots on how to carry weapons and defend their aircraft against an attack. These Federal Flight Deck Officers are mostly ex military. That means that they have the extra gun training due t o the background in the military and also specialize in combat training. The course that pilots have to go through is tough. Pilots go through dozens of simulations and practice sessions designed to be as real as instructors can make them by going live and also interacting with a computer.Pilots have blistered trigger fingers after they shoot a total of 8,000 rounds from their semiautomatic pistol in one training simulation. They also practice striking and grappling with attackers in close quarters. The training has been done in an area comparable to the size of a phone booth, in order to simulate the cockpit's cramped quarters. Pilots must also undergo a psychological test. Pilots in the FFDO program must place their firearms in a separate lockbox when not in the cockpit because TSA says that the pilots' jurisdiction ends at the cockpit door.Many people that are opposed to commercial pilots being armed say that it will ust cause more of a threat. There are many concerns that have b een raised about arming pilots or letting them carry guns, but armed pilots actually have a much easier Job than air marshals. An armed marshal in a crowded cabin can be attacked from any direction. He must be able to quickly identify innocent civilians from terrorists. An armed pilot only needs to deal with the people trying to force their way into the cockpit. It is also much easier to defend the cockpit rather than to have to chase the terrorist and physically capture them, as a marshal would.The terrorists an only enter the cockpit through one narrow entrance, and armed pilots have time to prepare themselves as hijackers try to break down the strengthened cockpit doors. For example, if there was a situation to where a terrorist got into a cockpit before the pilots could react the terrorist will know have a gun as a weapon compared to a plastic knife or fake bomb. (Mackett ) People also say that if a pilot was to miss a shot that the bullet can damage the fuselage of the plane an d cause the plane to suffer from depressurization problems.Opponents bring up a respectable case but most of it can be fixed or proven wrong. Arming commercial pilots will make the planes safer and trustworthier. Many people also say that innocent bystanders can get hurt or killed in a result of a pilot having to use a gun in an emergency. That's not a good reason because cops get into shootouts and very rarely do innocent bystanders get shot or killed. Also the pilots would have gone through extensive target training to prevent them from missing their target. One pilot would be fighting off the terrorist as the other fly the plane.Six percent of those who have applied for the FFDO program have not been accepted; two percent were not qualified to apply, three ercent failed the psychological evaluation, and one percent failed the background investigation Oohnson). Commercial pilots belong to one of the most respectable categories Jobs out. They are responsible for many people lives a t one time. Airplane pilots should be armed because in a situation that could not be resolved it could end smoothly by a pilot. The pilots would be required to take a six week training program that would teach them techniques on how to disarm a terrorist and target training.Also the ammunition for the weapons will be made out of highly compressed powdered alloys that should shatter on harder surfaces (Stark). Commercial pilots must be armed in the cockpit to insure the safety of the passengers. The chances of an aircraft being transformed into a weapon of mass destruction are diminished similar the events of September 2001 through the dual defenses of armed pilots and fortified cockpit doors. The chances of an aircraft being transformed into a weapon of mass destruction are diminished similar the events of September 2001 through the dual defenses of armed pilots and fortified cockpit doors.

Study of Personality

What is Personality? It is the combination of qualities that form an individual's unique character and make them different from other people. Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. Personality becomes apparent from an individual's early age and remains consistent throughout his / her lifetime. Cloninjer (1999), believe that people are born with four specific temperaments ( harm avoidance, novelty seeking, perseverance, reward dependence) which have a crucial role in forming the personality and how we get along with our family and other people.There are numerous theories about how personality develops and they focus on difference approaches. For instance the Freudians and the Behaviorists argue that personality is developed by ones interactions with their environment and by studying behaviors that can be observed and assessed. The humanists theory focuses on the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of pe rsonality.The two issues I selected that are of interest to me are Free-will vs Determinism and Cultural Determinism vs Cultural Transcendence. Free-will vs Determinism. With this issue, the focus is on finding out if genetic and environmental events have a bearing on our personality? Can we shape, direct and control our character development and destiny? The notion of free will argues that we are conscious human beings and as a result are free to make undetermined decisions in situations where we can and are able to do so.Determinism on the other hand argues that things or events that happen are as a result of things/events that happen in the past. Cultural Determinism vs Cultural Transcendence. The question here is that to what extent does our cultures shape us to become who we are? Just like the Free-will question, can we transcend cultural differences by rising above it? Should it so happen that we can transcend cultural difference, how can it be done, and how easy or difficult will it be to do so?I am inclined to believe that the culture in which we were born and raised shapes who we are emotionally and behaviorally, however the environment has a commanding influence. Many cultural studies conducted during the last decade on issues such as self- processes, emotion, and personality traits have firmly established the following: culture is a key determinant of what it means to be a person (Diener, Oishi & Lucas, 2003; Markus & Kitayama, 1998).

M3-1 Deloitte EssayEssay Writing Service

M3-1 Deloitte EssayEssay Writing Service M3-1 Deloitte Essay M3-1 Deloitte EssayToday Deloitte LLP is considered to be a leader in promoting the interests of women, including the retention and advancement of women in different spheres of human activity.   Its initiative, launched two decades ago, has contributed to the success of this activity. In fact, Women’s Initiative (WIN) has been developed to provide the so-called â€Å"intellectual capital† in order to meet the established goals. According to recent research, women control roughly US$20 trillion of total consumer spending globally and influence up to 80 percent of buying decisions† (We Are the Women of Deloitte. Deloitte Gender Dividend, 2014). The Women’s Initiative and other WIN-related programs help to develop the proper strategies aimed at empowering and advancing women to top-level positions in business organizations. After visiting the Deloitte website, it is necessary to select one of the updated activities listed from the Women’s Initiative i n order to analyze the effectiveness of this activity and identify how it has furthered the Women’s Initiative as discussed in McKracken’s research. The activity selected for this assignment is the Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows Program, which was launched in 2001. The program was named after the first national director of WIN, Ellen P. Gabriel. The Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows Program ensures the opportunities to have â€Å"intensive, multi-dimensional development experiences† for senior managers who are focused on the reflection of Ellen P. Gabriel’s qualities, such as responsibility, intelligence, commitment, reliability, integrity and leadership (Leadership Development, 2014). This program supports Women’s Initiative in a number of ways, including its philosophy, strategies, values, beliefs, motivation and other aspects.Today Deloitte attracts talented and highly motivated professionals, who are ready to use their skills and abilities to succeed in busin ess. The Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows program provides them with the required learning opportunities, which are crucial in acceleration of their careers. The Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows program supports the Women’s Initiative (WIN) of Deloitte LLP, which is considered to be â€Å"a defining strength of the firm’s culture, values and brand† (Women’s Initiative annual report, 2007). The Women’s Initiative was launched in 1993 with the major goal –to establish a more inclusive and healthy environment, based on building â€Å"the intellectual capital† in order to effectively serve clients, develop employees and promote business growth.   According to McCracken, D. M. (2005), the Women’s Initiative ensures the â€Å"reduction in the gender gap in turnover† (p. 63). The Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows program supports this idea as it is focused on equality in career development. According to the Womens Initiative 2007 Annual Report, there are many achievements of women, which promote gender equality in the workplace and motivate women. In addition, many WIN-related programs, including the Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows program, â€Å"were recognized with eight national awards and received more than 140 mentions in print and electronic media outlets† (Women’s Initiative annual report, 2007). Due to these programs, â€Å"Deloitte’s gender gap in turnover has nearly vanished, and the number of women partners and directors is the highest among the Big Five† (p.52).In general, the Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows Program supports the Women’s Initiative because the major goal of this program is to promote women as an effective source of economic growth. Organizations should highlight the role of women in the workplace as women can become â€Å"economic actors† involved in pulling out the world of the global economic recession. The Ellen P. Gabriel Fellows Program is an effective program that is aimed at addressing the needs of today’s organizations. Women should be involved in various strategic projects in order to increase the growth of businesses and promote gender equality in the workplace.

Wyomia Tyus, Olympic Gold Medalist

Wyomia Tyus, Olympic Gold Medalist About Wyomia Tyus: Known for: consecutive Olympic gold medals, 1964 and 1968, womens 100-meter dash Dates: August 29, 1945 - Occupation: athlete More About Wyomia Tyus: Wyomia Tyus, with three brothers, became active in sports early. She was educated in Georgia in segregated schools, and played basketball and later began to run. In high school she competing in the Girls National Championships of the Amateur Athletics Union, placing first in the 50-yard, 75-yard, and the 100-yard races. After winning the 1964 Olympic gold medal in the 100-meter dash, Wyomia Tyus traveled to African countries as a goodwill ambassador, running training clinics and helping athletes learn to compete in world competions. Wyomia Tyus planned to compete again in 1968 and was caught up in the controversy over whether black American athletes should compete or should refuse to compete in protest of American racism. She chose to compete. She did not give the black power salute when she was honored for winning gold medals for the 100-meter dash and as anchor of the team for the 400-meter relay, but she wore black shorts and dedicated her medal to the two athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who had given the black power salute when they won their medals. Wyomia Tyus was the first athlete to win gold medals for a sprint in consecutive Olympics. In 1973, Wyomia Tyus turned professional, running for the International Track Association. She later taught physical education and coached. She continued to be active in Olympics-related organizations and to support womens sports. In 1974, Wyomia Tyus joined Billie Jean King and other women athletes in founding the Womens Sports Foundation, which aims to enhance opportunities for girls in sports. Background, Family: Born in Griffin, GeorgiaFather: Willie Tyus, dairy workerMother: Marie, laundressonly girl and youngest of four children Education: high school in Georgiacollege at Tennessee State University; recreation major Marriage, Children: husband: Art Simburg (divorced)husband: Duane Tillmanchildren: Simone (daughter) and Tyus Tillman (son) Selected Wyomia Tyus Quotations Starting all over, its kind of difficult saying where you want to go. You go step by step, waiting and waiting, and, I guess, being a sprinter, its hard to wait. I never think about anybody. I let them think about me. I wasnt paid a dime for my track career. But participating in the Olympics gave me the opportunity to learn about different cultures; it made me a better person. I wouldnt trade the time I competed for anything. After the Olympics I did not even run across the street. You can be the best in the world and not be recognized.... A lot of it has to do with breaks. If a coach at Tennessee State hadnt given me a break at 14, I never would have been in the Olympic Games.

Marketing research of Holland & Barrett Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing research of Holland & Barrett - Essay Example Holland and Barrett is a European retailer company which deals in the products of herbal supplements, vitamins and other health care products. It is widely diversified company which operates through more than six hundred outlets. It mainly operates in UK and Ireland. The Holland and Barrett was founded in 1920 by Samuel Ryder. The head quarter of the company is situated in United Kingdom. The staffs of the company are well trained and most of the training is provided by the company itself. In 2008 Holland Barrette bought Julian Graves another health food retailer of United Kingdom, which expanded the number of the company’s outlets across UK and Ireland. The parent company of Holland and Barrette is NBTY Europe Ltd whose former name was Holland and Barrette ltd. The parent company was established in 2002. It is also based in UK and operates in the pharmaceutical sector. The Holland and Barrett offers a number of products from its retail outlets. All the products are health care products which can be categorized as food and health drinks, body building products and services, dietary products, multi vitamins, toiletries and other products. Food and health drinks contains various brands of cereals, confectionery, dried fruit, honey, nuts and seeds. Body building products includes a number of brands of protein supplements, creatine, amino acids, weight gain products, weight management products etc. Dietaries products have a number of brands which are all weight reducing products.... It is widely diversified company which operates through more than six hundred outlets. It mainly operates in UK and Ireland. The Holland and Barrett was founded in 1920 by Samuel Ryder. The head quarter of the company is situated in United Kingdom. The staffs of the company are well trained and most of the training is provided by the company itself (Holland and Barrette-a, 2011). In 2008 Holland Barrette bought Julian Graves another health food retailer of United Kingdom, which expanded the number of the company’s outlets across UK and Ireland (Holland and Barrette, 2008). The parent company of Holland and Barrette is NBTY Europe Ltd whose former name was Holland and Barrette ltd. The parent company was established in 2002. It is also based in UK and operates in the pharmaceutical sector. 2.2. Product and Service Analysis The Holland and Barrett offers a number of products from its retail outlets. All the products are health care products which can be categorized as food and h ealth drinks, body building products and services, dietary products, multi vitamins, toiletries and other products. Food and health drinks contains various brands of cereals, confectionery, dried fruit, honey, nuts and seeds(Holland and Barrett-b, 2011). Body building products includes a number of brands of protein supplements, creatine, amino acids, weight gain products, weight management products etc (Holland and Barrett-c, 2011). Dietaries products have a number of brands which are all weight reducing products (Holland and Barrett-d, 2011). Most popular brands of toiletries are chemical free deodorant, instant hand sanitizer and tea tree oil soap (Holland and Barrett-f, 2011). The major brands of

Contemporary World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Contemporary World Economy - Essay Example In order to come up with the understanding of the economic changes that happen in the current world, there are different things that determine the way people will conduct their business according to their relations. Evaluation of the different perspectives of the economy makes the issues of economic differentiation very substantial. This will be an evaluation of the different economic systems in the world economy, with a perspective of the old economic relations. The themes that were discussed in class in the past term such like the economic markets liberalism, market systems, modernisms and development of economics, employment, globalization among other and are indicators of the transition that is happening in the world economy today. Some of these themes are reflective of the different economic systems in the world and focus on the difficulties that are predominant when a state or a nation adopt some of them and show the struggle that is in the world to ensure that people are set f ree from the unnecessary restriction. As a result, different scholars have written some materials in support or in criticism of some of these themes so that evaluation of the works of various scholars offers a great academic discourse that exposes the pros and con of different economic systems. In the evaluation, the study of the term, the most repeated themes are the economic systems and globalization which have been influenced by the differences in argument and the evaluation of each of them i.e. socialism, communism, and capitalism. As well, the issue of employment and its impact on the economy is a theme that has been repeated as seen in the discussion of the work of John Maynard Keynes who has elaborated the issue. This has influenced the discussion of the contribution of different people to the economy of a specific place and which have an impact on the development and retrogression of an area (Keynes 13-19). Through evaluation of the various consumption and investment habits of the people, Keynes has based his explanation for development or retrogression of a place in that where if the latter is greater than the former, development is realized (Campbell 212). Francis Fukuyama argues that there are transitions in the economy from the general state of restriction through which different people went so that they become the current liberals.  

The glass menagerie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The glass menagerie - Research Paper Example In the production notes , Tennessee Williams says that ‘The Glass menagerie’ is a memory play This statement refers to a major theme of the play , namely , all the characters getting stuck up in memories of their past. He himself confesses that the play is string of memories ‘of his own youth. It follows the events and people in William’s true life experience in St. Louise between the years of 1934 and 1936. His mother, his sister, his job in shoe factory, and the glass menagerie were all part of his’ earlier life†. Besides Tom Amanda also live in constant pursuit of her bygone youth. She was extremely well-liked and cute young lady but she lost her chances. Now the realities in front of her are consciously ignored y her. The way she treats Tom and Laura is another evidence of her fanciful life. She prevents these two from becoming responsible young people by treating them as children. Without accepting the reality, she insists Laura to imitate her youth and hopes to recreate what she missed in life through her daughter. Thus Laura is bound to her mother always. The glass menagerie Laura lulls the infantile world with the glass menagerie. Thus she is also not raised to the level of a woman. Another character hounded by his memory is the father, who had left the family to travel long distance. The whole family lacks a father who supports them. The absence of such a father figure adds something more to their memory, the love and care of a father is also a memory to the children . Thus memory prevents all the characters to live in present and also to lead a happy life. Through Tom Winfield, Tennessee Williams was portraying himself as a young man. According to Presley â€Å"No one has even reviewed the bare details of his biography can overlook the obvious similarities between the record of his early life and the events described in The Glass Menagerie†. There are many similarities between his life and Tom’s lif e. Tom says â€Å" I am the narrator of the play , and also a character in it. The other characters are my mother, Amanda, my sister, Laura (1147). Thus the first resemblance between Tom and Williams is, he stands for the writer, who tells the story. Tennessee dropped out of the school according to his father’s instruction. After that he went to work in a shoe factory. The reaction of Tom in the play is relevant here... Tom says, â€Å" Listen ! You think I am crazy about the ware house! You think I am in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty-five years down there in that Celotex interior!! With Fluorescent tubes...†. Like Tennessee, To also liked to write poems and plays during leisure times. â€Å"He called me Shakespeare (1168). The mental stress that Tennessee suffered is shown by his narrator character Tom also, and that lead both of them to write poems and plays. Tennessee William’s father was a salesman who always tried t o keep away from home. The father character presented here was also a telephone man who loved to travel. The children were brought up by their mother. The place where Tennessee lives is similar to what Tom explains in the play.† The apartment faces an alley and is entered by a fire escape.’ (1146). Tennessee was unwilling to remain in St. Louise school. In the play we can see Tom’s mother advises him to attend night –school course in accounting at Washington –â€Å" U Just think what a wonderful thing that would be for you son(1162). Another similarity we can see is the relation between Tennessee

The Structure and Use of 3D Models

The Structure and Use of 3D Models Guide showing the structure and use of 3D Models Topic 1 Structure of 3D models 3D coordinate systems Explain There are two types of coordinate systems that are commonly used in 3D graphics, either left or right handed, in both coordinate systems both the positive X and Y axis are the same with the Z axis being the only main difference. Analyse World The world coordinate system also known as universe or model coordinate system is the base reference for the overall model, all other models relate to. Local The local coordinate system relates specifically to a selected object when the object moves the local axis will move with is making it easier to animate. The local space has a completely separate xyz from the world/global xyz. Z-up Is one of the ground axis and is used to say how far a model is moved left or right depending on the number given. Y-up Is the up/elevation axis and is used to determined where a model is placed when moved either up or down depending on the number that is given. Evaluate the 3D coordinate system is extremely helpful as it gives us a visual reference on where an object/model would be in the 3d world. This allows us to position models exactly where we need them. Views of 3D models Explain There are two ways we can look at 3d models either perspective or orthographic, they are used to see the 3d model in either the view of the user (perspective) or as a flat 2d image (orthographic). Analyse Perspective Perspective is an approximate representation of an image as seen by the users eye, the most characteristic feature of perspective viewing are that objects appear smaller the further away as the distance from the object and observer increases. Orthographic Orthographic view has a fixed depth in which you cannot zoom in or out, and is used when checking if different models at different depths are the same size, this is done by making the models appear 2d. Evaluate both views have their advantages and disadvantages, where the perspective view can help you view the models/objects in a way that is natural to the human eye it doesnt help when youre trying to match the height of distant objects, whereas using the orthographic view allows you to see all objects as a 2D image allowing you to scale objects to the correct size. The Geometric Structure of Models Explain -ÂÂ   3D models are mathematical representations of an object, they can be compared to sculpting as a 3D artist would build or mold the object by taking into account all the sides and angles. The elements that make a 3D model consist of vertices, edges, faces and polygons, all of which can be manipulated individually in whichever software you choose such as blender, Maya or 3D studio Max. Analyse Vertex Vertices are the smallest point of a 3D model, they are made when two or more edges meet therefore corners of the polygons fuse together to make a vertex. The vertex is shared between all edges, faces and polygons and would affect all of these if the vertex is transformed. Edge The edge in a 3D model is a line which connects two vertices and borders faces and polygons, transforming these will affect all vertices faces and polygons which are connected to the edge. Polygon/face Face is a triangular surface connected by three surrounding edges and three corner vertices where as a polygon is an even four surface made up of four or more corners and two or more faces, high quality 3D characters are usually made of four sided polygons as ones with five or more sides can cause issues. Element the elements of a model are as follows tets, bricks, prisms, and pyramids these can be used to mesh any 3D model, with the 2D equivalents being triangular and quadrilateral elements. Surface normal modifying the orientation of surface normals affects the polygons appearance, when the surface normals are at right angles to a face light appears to bounce off the surface, this sharply defines the polygon face creating crisp edges, when set at different angles this allows light to roll off, which creates a smoother look. Evaluate knowing the structure of a model can help in deciding which shapes to start from and also to help manipulate the shape into the desired model/ object that you are looking for. The Structure of Different Polygons Explain There are three different ways of creating a mesh either using triangles quads or n-gons, tris and quads are more preferable than and n-gons are just avoided at all cost as they can cause issues. Analyse Triangles Triangles are a simple three sided polygon,made of three vertices connectingÂÂ   three edges, it is the smallest configuration needed to make a polygonal face. Also referred to as a tri. Quads Quads are the most desired type of polygon and most artist would use only quads as it makes their work more appealing to customers. They are made up of exactly four sides and four vertices, quads can also be referred to as quadrilateral polygons. N-gons N-gons are made up of more than four edges and vertices, n-gons can usually be divided into either quads or triangles or sometimes both which makes them easy to replace. They are usually avoided as they often create unwanted topology. Evaluate Using tris quads is very well sought after as theses are what computers can render them a lot faster especially quads, ngons on the other hand are usually avoided as they tend to cause distortion and deformation, tris can also cause this issue but not as much. Different methods of creating models Explain There are two different ways of creating models either with polygonal modeling or spline/curve based modeling, these are both used to create models with polygonal being the most used as it is more flexible but curve-based will make smoother curves. Analyse Polygonal modeling Polygons are created by using points in a 3d space called vertices, when they are connected together they form a mesh, which is used mainly for 3d models as they can easily be manipulated and rendered by computers quickly. On the downside they are planar and can only estimate a curved edge based on many polygons.ÂÂ   Spline/ curve-based modeling Curves are based off weighted control points, which when increased influences the curve closer to that point. The curve follows but does not always enter the points. Curve types include splines, nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), patches and geometric primitives. Evaluate The different methods in modeling be it polygonal or curved based both have different advantages and uses depending on what is needed, polygonal modeling is best used for 3D models as they can be rendered quickly by computers but the downside is that they are planar and can only make rough curves. Curve Based on the other hand is best used in a situation where curves and edges must be as smooth as possible such as in engineering, although manipulating it can be a lot harder. Pivot points Explain Pivot points are used to represent the location of a model in space, they are also used to control how models rotate and scale and move. All changes to a model are relative to the pivot point. Analyse -ÂÂ   Move moves the pivot point bringing the object that is connected to the pivot point with it. Scale increases or decreases the size of the object from the point of the pivot origin. Rotation rotates the object/model around the pivot point depending on the postion of the pivot point. Evaluate Having a movable pivot point is advantageous as it allows the object to be moved, rotated and scaled from different points allowing you to manipulate the object in many ways. UV coordinates Explain Are 2D coordinates used on a 3D model and are basically a textures x and y coordinates which always range from 0 to 1. With the V value going from bottom left to top left and the U value going from bottom left to bottom right, each vertex will have a uv coordinate value. Analyse -ÂÂ   UV mapping is usually done by unfolding a model, a pyramid for example, at the seams laying the model image onto a flat page once unwrapped the artist can then paint a texture onto each side triangle individually. Evaluate Allows for more detailed texturing and painting on 3D models by assigning pixels in the image to surface mappings on the polygon, this can then be easily exported to other 3d programs and then further adjusted. Mapping methods Explain -ÂÂ   Mapping methods are ways in which textures are applied to different models and objects, they are mainly used to quickly apply a texture to different shaped models depending on what the model shape is as some work better than others. Analyse Planar planar is used to apply a texture onto a flat model such as basic terrain and walls, when trying to place a texture on an uneven or complex surface it can often stretch and distort polygons that are not facing the projected map directly. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php Box box mapping is done by placing a texture onto a model from six different sides, which is mainly used when you need quick mapping for less important of a model, and also used on technical or architectural objects. It is however not as useful for texturing more natural models where more accurate mapping is required. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php Cylinder Cylindrical mapping is used for mapping more cylindrical models such as arms, cans and trees, it is one of the most used type of mapping but still needs tweaking afterwards in the uv editor. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php Spherical Spherical mapping is mainly used to map out asteroids and planets, one downside is that it causes pixels to compact at the poles of the sphere. It can be used to block out mapping on human heads but loses its usefulness on models with multiple overlapping parts. Requires significant work afterwards. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php Unwrapping unwrapping is done by creating uv coordinates which is generated for each vertex. One way is for the 3d modeler to unfold the mesh at the seams laying the model on a flat page, once unwrapped you can then paint a texture on each individual polygon. Pelt pelt mapping is used to map more natural models like animals and characters, pelt mapping allows you to pull a detailed uvw map flat allowing you to make a more accurate shape of the model which makes it easier to produce a more convincing texture. Evaluate Most mapping methods are extremely useful as they allow you to map a texture onto the different surfaces of a model as there are multiple choices to pick from there is usually one to fit the model you are working on, theses can save a great deal of time by quickly mapping the texture onto oddly shaped models which would be time consuming otherwise. The materials used on 3D models. Explain Adding textures to models is a lot more than just adding colours, you are also able to use different techniques and mpas to add more detail to the model letting you add effects such as shadows textures height etc. Analyse Base Colour, Albedo, Diffuse -ÂÂ   is the most common texture map, it specifies the pattern and colour of the object. It basically paints an image onto the surface. Normal Maps a normal map is a map which defines the direction your geometry normals are facing, with this info you can create a fakeÂÂ   the illusion of height to how the model is affected by light. Height Maps / Displacement Maps displacement maps are used when you need to add more detail to affect your model, this is a very powerful option as it actually affects the geometry.ÂÂ   Ambient Occlusion The occlusion map is used to define the areas of a model which should receive low or high indirect lighting. It is a grayscale image with white marking areas which should get full indirect light, and black for areas receiving no indirect light. An example would be a stone wall texture which is uneven. Specular Maps Specular mapping is used to define how well an area reflects light, the colour and bumpiness may be the same but using either dark or light tones you are able to change how reflective the surface is. An example would be a characters eyes compared to the skin or how a material reacts when wet or dry. Lightmaps are data structures used in light mapping, it works by pre-calculating the brightness of a surface and storing it in texture maps for later use. They are more used on static items so as the light does not need to be recalculated every frame. Evaluate using these can be extremely helpful in creating the models you desire without having to form the whole thing as some can help create the effects of textures, shadows height, and even make them seem more detailed which saves you adding more polygons to a model and increasing the count. http://blog.digitaltutors.com/understanding-difference-texture-maps/ The creation and use of convex collision hulls. Explain A convex collision hull is a simplified low poly count meshes that encases more complex objects, this is used to determine where a collision will occur on the object as well as other physic based interactions. Analyse It is an invisible mesh that stops the player and other models falling through each other, this can be costly on the graphics and processor power as the model triangles have to be calculated twice, once for the 3d model and once for the mesh collider. Each object must have a collision shape. Simpler shapes such as boxes, spheres and capsules are used as they are much faster to test but are less precise. Evaluate the collision hull helps make objects and models seem more to life by not letting you fall through walls and floors but can also affect how some objects are effected depending on how simple or complex the hull is compared to the model it is covering. Level of detail models (LODs) Explain LODs or level of detail are used to help render times by reducing the amount of polygons that show on models which are further away from the character, this is used to help rendering times and helps performance. Analyse LODs limit the amount of polygons on a model to help reduce rendering times whenever the character is at a distance, this helps keep focus on the immediate area and less at background scenery. Evaluate LODs can help increase frame render time by reducing the amount of polygons and detail that is on screen at any one time by determining whats more important or whats being focused on more and only giving that the proper amount of detail. Although this can help render time it may also cause some lag or drop in frames when too much detail is trying to load in at once. Vertex colour information Explain Vertex colour is a RGBA value that is traditionally used to add diffuse or emissive colour to the geometry of the model, this can be added to any vertex on the model. With more powerful games engines this can be used to do amazing things. Analyse Vertex colouring is used to colour foliage animations, baking inexpensive AO and lighting info, it can also be used to blend different materials on terrain or other meshes, but can be used for a lot more things Evaluate Vertex coloring can be used easily as it requires no UVs, although it is geometry dependant and not suited for high detail. Model constraints Explain When creating content such as 3D art for games and other real time applications there is constrictions which need to be applied to help increase performance and reduce render time. These constraints include polygon count, texture size and file size. Analyse Polygon Count The constraint on polygons count is that the more polygons or faces that appear within the render view the longer it takes for the frame to render, this limits polygons count to help with rendering time. This applies to games as well as non real time animations or special effects, this is all linked to the hardware available. Texture size textures need to be done effectively as the bigger and more complex the texture the longer the game will take to load it, this can cause the textures to take time to render and ruin the experience of the player. File Size The two main constraints that file size has is that 3D graphics need to be stored somewhere, either on disc a hard drive or in the cloud waiting for digital download. For this reason file size needs to be efficient to make sure they fit onto the the media that they are designed for, if the 3D art is too large for one disc it must be split onto two or more discs or may require an extremely long time to download especially for those with slow internet speeds. Evaluate Model constraints help with loading and rendering times by limiting the amount polygons and textures the artist is allowed to use, although this seems bad if there was no constraints the game would not load well and have constant drops with the frame rate, the downside to this is that the game will unfortunately not have everything that the developers wanted as some things may need to be cut due to file size restrictions. Topic 2 Uses of 3D models Decorative meshes Explain Decorative meshes are used to decorate a blank 3D world and make it more interesting, theses decorative meshes can range from indoor items such as chairs tables etc, to outdoor objects such as cars, trees and wells for example. Decorative meshes also help to make the 3D world seem a lot more interesting and also help make itÂÂ   more true to life and improve the players experience. Analyse these consist of multiple objects such as cars, trees, bushes etc which is placed around the 3D world so as its not blank and more interesting. Evaluate The advantage of using decorative meshes is that it increases the realism of the world theyre placed, they also improve the players experience as they are not walking around a bland world. Environment meshes Explain Environments are what a 3D world is made from, every environment also needs to be filled with 3D meshes, a balance of quantity and quality must be found as this needs to be as good looking as possible but also needs to be done efficiently. Analyse Environment meshes are used to create the 3D worlds invitroment, be in be buildings or other structures, this needs to be able to be done effectively and quickly as its a main part of the world but not all the focus will be on it. Evaluate Allows for a more immersive world as it adds character to the area and can also set the mood depending on the art style used. Modular meshes Explain Modular meshes for 3D environments are used to create fast environments using small tiling models and maximum flexibility, to make this as effective as possible you should first make sure that the grid for the 3D package is the exact same as the grid that the engine youre going to make the model for. Modular meshes can be reused to save time on developing multiple models. Analyse modular meshes can be made into kits, for example piping for walls, so that the developers and artists can reuse them to speed up the process without putting in as much work for areas that require less attention. Evaluate the advantage of using modular meshes are that you are able to quickly create game environments with maximum flexibility to change when needed, they are also reusable meaning you can keep a certain art style no matter the size. The downside to this is that the reused art style can quickly become repetitive. Meshes used for non-skeletal animation Explain Games can have a number of models which can be used for non skeletal animation these tend to be models which are not rigged (i.e with a skeleton) examples of these can be doors, boxes with lids that open, shop signs and even platforms can be animated to move. Analyse non skeletal animation works by the object or model not having a rigged skeleton allowing it to move or swing freely, for example a door may swing on its hinge, to create this the pivot point of the door must be placed at the point in which you want the door to swing. Evaluate the advantages of non skeletal animation are that it allows the game world to flow more freely using swinging doors, and makes the game seem more life like having signs and lids able to open. Skyboxes and skydomes Explain A skybox is made from a cube with six images that inclose the player, they can also be known as environment maps. The player is placed in the middle of the box so that no matter which way they look they just see different parts of the box. The game engine makes sure that whichever part of the box is visible to the player the proper pixels are shown. Sky domes work in similar ways but is a 3D sphere or hemisphere, and can be animated to improve realism. Both the skybox and skydome usually has a texture of the sky on it depending on the game and whats needed. Analyse skyboxes are simple cubes which consist of fewer polygons than the skydome, no matter where the player is they will always see the relevant part of the skybox. Skydomes are more detailed as they contain more polygons and allow the maker to animate it to improve the realism of the 3D world. Evaluate the advantage of using a skybox is that it uses up less polygons and if easier to texture, although it does not look as good as a skydome. The skydome on the other hand allows you to use vertex colour you adjust the hue in a smoother way, this allows you to animate the sky depending on the time of day. Rigid bodies Explain Rigid bodies allow your models and objects to act under the control of physics, the rigid body can be given forces and torque to make it move in a more realistic way. Any objects you wish to be influenced by physics or other added forces must have a rigidbody.ÂÂ   Analyse rigid bodies can be affected by different physics such as: Mass This determines the weight of the object usually in kilograms by default Drag Drag determines how air resistance affects the object while moving (from 0 air resistance to infinity meaning it stops immediately) Gravity Determines if the object is affected by gravity if dropped for example. Evaluate Rigid bodies are extremely useful when wanting to make a game which either has real to life physics or if you want to make the game with wacky physics as you are able to mess with the properties of each. Fracture/breakable meshes Explain Fracture or breakable meshes are used to make in game objects breakable for example doors, walls and in some cases building can also be destroyed, this can help the game feel more realistic as it adds real world physics to the game, it can also add new things for players to try out and in general make the game more fun. This can be broken down into more points such as chunk count and modify points. Analyse Chunk count determines how many chunks the tool will cut the original mesh into, a large amount of pieces means theres more triangles in the final object and more pieces that will be left behind after. A smaller amount means there are fewer triangles and less pieces after the object is destroyed. The modify points tool can be used to move the selected or all the chunk origins towards the bounds of the object or perturb some or all of the chunks in the slice pattern moving the pieces towards the bounds is useful as it helps avoid chunks being discarded because they dont slice the surface of the mesh. Evaluate -ÂÂ   Breakable meshes are used to help make games more realistic by letting you destroy some of the environment or some objects/models like you could in a real world situation. This however can have drawbacks on render time and frames as it requires more polygons to make the broken pieces. References () 3D Modeling: Creating 3D Objects, Available at: https://www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/3d-modeling-definition/(Accessed: 6th October 2016). () Collision Meshes Game Models, Available at: http://www.katsbits.com/tutorials/blender/collision-models.php(Accessed: 8th October 2016). () Fractured Static Meshes, Available at: https://udn.epicgames.com/Three/FractureTool.html (Accessed: 4th October 2016). () Rigidbody, Available at: https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/class-Rigidbody.html (Accessed: 11th October 2016). (2014) 3D Constraints, Available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cJlmKMQXiCHPX1zRKV3K1biO4EwH13_WOIt_8BJ7K6g/edit#(Accessed: 16th October 2016). (2014) The pivot point, Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2015/ENU/Maya/files/Transforming-objects-The-pivot-point-htm.html (Accessed: 10th October 2016). (2016) 3-D Coordinate Systems, Available at: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb324490(v=vs.85).aspx (Accessed: 2nd October 2016). (2016) 3D coordinates, Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-FDC58F4E-63B9-4012-B232-5F2FBAC5EAC9-htm.html?v=2016(Accessed: 4th October 2016). (2016) Level of Detail, Available at: https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/LevelOfDetail.html (Accessed: 14th October 2016). (2016) Perspective (graphical), Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection (Accessed: 3rd October 2016). (2016) Perspective (graphical), Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical) (Accessed: 3rd October 2016). (2016) UNDERSTANDING UV MAPPING, Available at: http://www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/video-software/understanding-uv-mapping.html#b (Accessed: 6th October 2016). Banninga, R (2004) UV Mapping Tips And Tricks, Available at: http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php(Accessed: 14th October 2016). Bell, G () Creating Backgrounds for 3D Games, Available at: http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131701/creating_backgrounds_for_3d_games.php?print=1 (Accessed: 10th October 2016). Cahill, P (2016) 3D Modelling Basics Terminology3D, Available at: http://www.onlinedesignteacher.com/2014/07/3d-modelling-basics_33.html (Accessed: 6th October). Cole, T.B (2015) VERTEX COLOUR, Available at: http://www.timbencole.com/vertexcolour (Accessed: 11th October 2016). Dennis (2007) UV coordinate basics, Available at: http://www.rozengain.com/blog/2007/08/26/uv-coordinate-

Igbo Government and Social Structure :: Essays Papers

Igbo Government and Social Structure Details of traditional Igbo government and social structure varied from place to place throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but its characteristic nature remained the same. The basic unit of Igbo life was the village group, and the most universal institution was the role of the family head. This was usually the oldest man of the oldest surviving generation. His role primarily involved settling family disputes, and because he controlled the channel of communication with the all-important ancestors, he commanded great respect and reverence. In some areas the government of chiefs and elders was composed of a governing age grade, in others the council of elders was made up of the oldest members of particular families. Titles played a major part in this society. There was a hierarchy of ascending titles that were to be taken in order, accompanied by an ascending scale of payments. The system acted as a simple form of social security, in that those who acquired titles paid a particular fee, and then were entitled to share in the payments of those who later acquired titles. A series of intense rituals were to be undertaken before acquiring a title, which was considered a symbol of character as well as of success. A titled man’s life was dominated by numerous religious restrictions, and it was expected that these would be strictly adhered to. A few Igbo states, such as Aboh and Onitsha, which had a tradition of origin from elsewhere, were ruled by kings, which were regarded as sacred and lived in ritual seclusion. However, the decisions taken by these kings were by no means final, they were often challenged and overruled by other titled men with whom they were required to consult. In general, h owever, kingship was an unfamiliar concept to the majority of Igbos. A political institution that was widespread but not universal was that of the age-grade. Each age-grade was responsible for specific areas of community service, and this often promoted rivalry between the groups. This was actually a valuable instrument of social control, in that in order to preserve the good name of their age-group, its members became involved in disciplining and restraining those who tended to cause trouble within the community. Secret societies were also an instrument of social control. Their members would appear at night, masked, in the guise of supernatural beings. Any offenders in the community would be denounced.

Farming land Essay

In the late 1800s, many farmers were trapped in a vicious economic cycle. Crops prices began falling and farmers were often forced into mortgaging their farms so they could buy more land and produce more crops to break even. Good farming land was becoming rare and the banks took over the mortgages of farmers who couldn’t make payments on their loans. The railroads, on the other end, took advantage of farmers by charging them extreme prices for shipping and storage. Both equally frustrating the farmer, who pretty much resembled a larger economic problem because if he wasn’t doing well then the whole nation can’t do well either. Banks controlled the farmer, they watched the farmer’s and had input on everything they did. The Banks relentlessly took over the mortgages of farmers who couldn’t make payments on their loans (doc d). Generally, the average farmer struggled during the late 1800’s due to the huge increase of agriculture worldwide. Because of many technological improvements, which boosted competition, now farmers faced foreign competition, and are now forced to adjust the prices of their crops to stay competitive. An increase of production repaid the farmer’s losses only temporarily. However, farmers soon realized the limitations of farming land. Also they realized that their own surplus of crops just lower the cost so in the end they don’t make as big of a profit. (doc e). The troubles of a farmer were part of a larger economic problem that was affecting the entire nation. Deflation followed the Civil War, which made the amount of money in circulation decreased therefore the value increased. This was bad for the farmer because products took up a lower value. Loans that needed to be repaid with dollars are now worth more than what the farmers had originally borrowed, so many farmers lost money. The farmers saw a solution. It was the use of â€Å"cheap money† to reverse the effects of deflation. Farmers demanded the increase of greenbacks with the addition of unlimited coinage of silver (doc b). With the passage of the Bland-Allison Act in 1878, around 2 to 4 million was added to the silver supply. Yet that only eased it, and didn’t solve the main problem (doc). To make things even worse, railroad companies added more load on the  farmer’s by taking advantage with prices to transport grain. A lack of competition among the railroads enabled them to put high costs, sometimes making a shipment of grain nearly unprofitable (doc h). Also, railroads gained control over grain storage prices, enabling their influence over the market of price of crops. Justifying the transport prices became unchallengeable due to the lack of competition (doc g). There’s not much farmers can do than hope for some reforms since they’re stuck in a cycle of credit that meant longer hours and more debt with every year. Good farming land quickly became rare and the banks took over the mortgages of farmers who couldn’t keep up with payments on their loans. The railroads took advantage of farmers by charging them excessive prices for shipping and storage. As a solution the Bland-Allison Act in 1878 was pasted. The issue of the farmer’s debt stuck around. There validity of the farmer complaints is totally acceptable due to all the struggles and hardships they went through.